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There was a small exception to this, whereby smaller district councils with a population of less than 85, could adopt a modified committee system. Most councils used the council leader and cabinet option, while 52 smaller councils were allowed to propose alternative arrangements based on the older system Section 31 of the Act , and Brighton and Hove invoked a similar provision Section 27 2 b when a referendum to move to a directly elected mayor was defeated. In , the Localism Act came into force and allowed all principal councils to return to Committee systems, but only a minority did so.

There are now sixteen directly elected mayors, in districts where a referendum was in favour of them.

Several of the mayors originally elected were independents notably in Tower Hamlets and Middlesbrough , which in parliamentary elections are usually Labour Party strongholds. Since May , only a handful of referendums have been held, and they have mostly been negative, with only a few exceptions. The decision to have directly elected mayors in Hartlepool and Stoke-on-Trent were subsequently reversed when further referendums were held.

The executive where it exists, in whichever form, is held to account by the remainder of the councillors acting as the " Overview and Scrutiny function" — calling the Executive to account for their actions and to justify their future plans. In a related development, the Health and Social Care Act , Police and Justice Act , and local government white paper set out a role for local government Overview and Scrutiny in creating greater local accountability for a range of public-sector organisations.

Committee system councils have no direct 'scrutiny' role, with the decisions being scrutinised as they are taken by the committee, and potentially referred to full council for review. Councils may make people honorary freemen or honorary aldermen. A mayor's term of office lasts for the municipal year. The area which a council covers is divided into one or more electoral divisions — known in district and parish councils as " wards ", and in county councils as "electoral divisions".

Each ward can return one or more members; multi-member wards are quite common. There is no requirement for the size of wards to be the same within a district, so one ward can return one member and another ward can return two. Metropolitan borough wards must return a multiple of three councillors, while until the Local Government Act multiple-member county electoral divisions were forbidden. In the election, the candidates to receive the most votes win, in a system known as the multi-member plurality system. There is no element of proportional representation , so if four candidates from the Mauve Party poll 2, votes each, and four candidates from the Taupe Party poll 1, votes each, all four Mauve candidates will be returned, and no Taupe candidates will.

This has been said by some to be undemocratic. The term of a councillor is usually four years. Councils may be elected wholly, every four years, or 'by thirds', where a third of the councillors get elected each year, with one year with no elections.

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Recently, the 'by halves' system, whereby half of the council is elected every two years, has been allowed. Sometimes wholesale boundary revisions will mean the entire council will be re-elected, before returning to the previous elections by thirds or by halves over the coming years. Recent legislation allows a council to move from elections by thirds to all-up elections. Often, local government elections are watched closely to detect the mood of the electorate before upcoming parliamentary elections. Councillors cannot do the work of the council themselves, and so are responsible for appointment and oversight of officers, who are delegated to perform most tasks.

Local authorities nowadays may appoint a 'Chief Executive Officer', with overall responsibility for council employees, and who operates in conjunction with department heads. The Chief Executive Officer position is weak compared to the council manager system seen in other countries. In some areas, much of the work previously undertaken directly in direct service organisations by council employees has been privatised.

Under the Local Government Act , councils have a general power to "promote the economic, social and environmental well-being" of their areas.

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However, like all public bodies, they were limited by the doctrine of ultra vires , and could do only those things that common law or an Act of Parliament specifically or generally allowed for. Councils could promote Local Acts in Parliament to grant them special powers. For example, Kingston upon Hull had for many years a municipally owned telephone company, Kingston Communications. The Localism Act introduced a new " general power of competence " for local authorities, extending the "well-being" power with the power to "do anything that individuals generally may do".

This means that nothing otherwise lawful that a local authority may wish to do can be ultra vires. As of this general power of competence is available to all principal local authorities and some parish councils. It is expected more will fold within months. Ending local welfare would make tens of thousands of vulnerable people increasingly at risk of hunger, debt and destitution according to Church Action on Poverty.

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Local welfare was devised to help poor people manage unexpected hardship, like lack of money due to benefit payment problems, or issues like broken boilers, house fires and flooding. Church Action on Poverty said that large council budget cuts meant the system was struggling to survive. Provision is subject to a postcode lottery so thousands of people cannot get emergency state funding. There are calls for local authority funding to help the poorest people in crisis to be ring fenced. Bishop David Walker said, "Local authority welfare schemes are increasingly threadbare, leaving families in many areas with nowhere to turn for help.

It cannot be right for central and local government to abdicate responsibility for people in crisis when they need our help most". Local councils are funded by a combination of central government grants, Council Tax a locally set tax based on house value , Business Rates , and fees and charges from certain services including decriminalised parking enforcement. Up to 15 English councils risk insolvency, the National Audit Office maintains, and councils increasingly offer, "bare minimum" service.

Many of these funding sources are hypothecated ring-fenced - meaning that they can only be spent in a very specific manner - in essence, they merely pass through a council's accounts on their way from the funding source to their intended destination. These include:. The other main central government grant - the Revenue Support Grant - is not hypothecated, and can be spent as the council wishes. For many decades, Business Rates were gathered locally, pooled together nationally, and then redistributed according to a complicated formula; these would be combined with the Revenue Support Grant to form a single Formula Grant to the council.

Since , a varyingly sized chunk of Business Rates is retained locally, and only the remainder is pooled and redistributed; the redistribution is according to a very basic formula, based mainly on the size of the Formula Grant to the relevant council, and is now provided to the council independently of the Revenue Support Grant. When determining their budget arrangements, councils make a distinction between hypothecated funding and non-hypothecated funding. Consideration of all funding in general is referred to as gross revenue streams , while net revenue streams refers to funding from only non-hypothecated sources.

Historically, central government retained the right to cap an increase in Council Tax, if it deemed the council to be increasing it too severely. Council Tax is collected by the principal council that has the functions of a district-level authority. It is identified in legislation as a billing authority, and was known as a rating authority.

There are billing authorities in England that collect council tax and business rates: [15] [16] [17]. Precepting authorities do not collect Council Tax directly, but instruct a billing authority to do it on their behalf by setting a precept. Major precepting authorities such as the Greater London Authority and county councils cover areas that are larger than billing authorities.

Local precepting authorities such as parish councils cover areas that are smaller than billing authorities. The precept shows up as an independent element on official information sent to council tax payers, but the council bill will cover the combined amount the precepts plus the core council tax. The billing authority collects the whole amount, and then detaches the precept and funnels it to the relevant precepting authority. Levying bodies are similar to precepting authorities, but instead of imposing a charge on billing authorities, the amount to be deducted is decided by negotiation.

Voluntary joint arrangements, such as waste authorities are also in this category. Aggregate External Finance AEF refers to the total amount of money given by central government to local government.

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It consists of the Revenue Support Grant RSG , ringfenced and other specific grants, and redistributed business rates. A portion of the RSG money paid to each authority is diverted to fund organisations that provide improvement and research services to local government this is referred to as the RSG top-slice , for example the Local Government Association.

Sizes of council areas vary widely. The most populous district in England is Birmingham a metropolitan borough with 1,, people census , and the least populous non-metropolitan unitary area is Rutland with 37, The smallest non-unitary district in England is Melton at 51, people, and the largest Northampton at , Revisions are usually undertaken to avoid borders straddling new development, to bring them back into line with a diverted watercourse , or to align them with roads or other features.

Where a district is coterminous with a town, the name is an easy choice to make. In some cases, a district is named after its main town, despite there being other towns in the district.

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Confusingly, such districts sometimes have city status , and so, for example, the City of Canterbury contains several towns apart from Canterbury , which have distinct identities. Similarly, the City of Winchester contains a number of large villages and extensive countryside, which is quite distinct from the main settlement of Winchester. Find out more.

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